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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

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Overview
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Proteins are...
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Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes
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Ebola: translational science considerations.

Francesco Chiappelli1,2,3, Andre Bakhordarian4,5, April D Thames6

  • 1UCLA School of Dentistry (Oral Biology & Medicine), Los Angeles, USA. fchiappelli@dentistry.ucla.edu.

Journal of Translational Medicine
|January 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the largest and most severe on record, with over 10,000 infections and a 50% fatality rate. Global health agencies are urgently researching vaccines and treatments to prevent a worldwide pandemic.

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Area of Science:

  • * Epidemiology and Public Health
  • * Infectious Diseases
  • * Translational Medicine

Background:

  • * The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the largest and most severe recorded, originating in West Africa and spreading globally.
  • * Over 10,000 infections and a 50% fatality rate highlight the urgent need for effective interventions.
  • * The outbreak's rapid spread underscores the potential for a global pandemic, necessitating immediate research and response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review current knowledge on Ebola virus (EBOV) and EVD.
  • * To discuss critical translational research parameters for EVD.
  • * To explore promising research avenues for curbing the current and future outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing scientific literature on EBOV and EVD.
  • * Analysis of epidemiological data from the 2014 outbreak.
  • * Discussion of ongoing and future translational research initiatives.

Main Results:

  • * EVD has spread rapidly across West Africa and internationally, posing a pandemic threat.
  • * Significant research is underway in virology, biomarkers, CNS involvement, and immune surveillance.
  • * Novel vaccine and pharmaceutical interventions show promise for controlling EVD.

Conclusions:

  • * The current EVD outbreak demands a comprehensive global response, integrating scientific research and public health strategies.
  • * Continued research into EBOV, EVD pathogenesis, and translational interventions is crucial.
  • * Developing vaccination programs for animal vectors is essential for long-term EVD control.