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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Bioremediation
  • Water treatment

Background:

  • Perchlorate contamination poses risks to water resources.
  • Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (ANMO-D) is a potential bioremediation strategy.
  • Membrane biofilm reactors (MBRs) offer controlled environments for biofilm development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate perchlorate (ClO4(-)) reduction using a methane (CH4)-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR).
  • To determine the effects of nitrate (NO3(-)) and nitrite (NO2(-)) surface loadings on ClO4(-) reduction.
  • To elucidate the microbial community mechanism for ClO4(-) reduction in the ANMO-D biofilm.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a CH4-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR).
  • Cultivated an anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (ANMO-D) biofilm.
  • Varied surface loadings of NO3(-) and NO2(-) to assess their impact on ClO4(-) reduction.
  • Analyzed microbial community composition and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • The ANMO-D biofilm effectively reduced ClO4(-) to undetectable levels when CH4 was not limiting.
  • Complete NO3(-) reduction occurred at surface loadings ≤ 0.32 g N/m(2)-d.
  • High NO3(-) loadings inhibited ClO4(-) reduction due to competition for CH4.
  • NO2(-) inhibited ClO4(-) reduction at surface loadings ≥ 0.10 g N/m(2)-d, likely due to toxicity.
  • Bacteria dominated the biofilm, and particulate methane mono-oxygenase (pMMO) gene copies correlated with respiratory gene copies.

Conclusions:

  • CH4-based MBfRs are effective for perchlorate bioremediation.
  • Nitrate and nitrite concentrations must be optimized to avoid inhibition.
  • Perchlorate reduction involves chlorite dismutation to supply oxygen for methane mono-oxygenation.
  • Bacterial communities, particularly those with pMMO, are key to this process.