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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Multilevel Microdissection and Functional-Structural Profiling of Human Renal Arterial Branches
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The normal and pathologic renal medulla: a comprehensive overview.

José I López1, Gorka Larrinaga2, Naoto Kuroda3

  • 1Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.

Pathology, Research and Practice
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This review details the renal medulla

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Renal Pathology
  • Histology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • The renal medulla's complex structure is often overlooked by general pathologists.
  • Understanding its normal and pathological states is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of renal medulla anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
  • To highlight key features relevant to pathologists, aiding in the diagnosis of renal medulla diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive literature review on renal medulla normal and pathological conditions.
  • Detailed examination of developmental, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes.

Main Results:

  • Cataloged common diseases including developmental abnormalities, inflammatory conditions, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasms.
  • Detailed normal and pathological development, physiology, microscopic anatomy, histology, and immunohistochemistry.

Conclusions:

  • The renal medulla is a critical area often neglected in pathology.
  • This overview aims to increase pathologist focus on renal medulla diseases, improving diagnostic accuracy.