Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

9.2K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
9.2K
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

1.4K
The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
1.4K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

1.5K
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
1.5K
Hearing01:31

Hearing

59.1K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
59.1K
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

6.1K
The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
6.1K
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

904
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
904

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reevaluating the classification of pediatric speech sound disorders: a ground truthing perspective.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2025
Same author

The articulatory basis of phonological error patterns in childhood speech sound disorders.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2025
Same author

A Novel Candidate Neuromarker of Central Motor Dysfunction in Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025
Same author

Effectiveness of the Kaufman Speech to Language Protocol for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Comorbidities When Delivered in a Dyadic and Group Format.

American journal of speech-language pathology·2024
Same author

Decoding kinematic information from beta-band motor rhythms of speech motor cortex: a methodological/analytic approach using concurrent speech movement tracking and magnetoencephalography.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2024
Same author

Enhancing Speech Rehabilitation in a Young Adult with Trisomy 21: Integrating Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) with Rapid Syllable Transition Training for Apraxia of Speech.

Brain sciences·2024
Same journal

Correction: Zhang et al. Caudate-Centric Triphasic Network Reconfiguration Characterizes the Early Progression of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: A Simultaneous PET/fMRI Study. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 2026; 25(2): 46634.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Long-Term Effects of Early Postnatal Administration of R-Baclofen on Neuronal Properties in the <i>Cntnap2</i> Knockout Rat.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Multiple Health Outcomes in Neurological Disorders: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Exploring the Microbiome-Kynurenine Axis in Mild Cognitive Impairment: From Gut to Brain.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Assessing Cumulative Mental Fatigue via EEG-Based Machine Learning in a Multiday High-Intensity Contest.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Functional Diversity of Mouse dLGN Neurons and Modulation of Their Encoding Properties by Superior Colliculus.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation
06:56

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Published on: December 18, 2015

14.0K

Visual speech gestures modulate efferent auditory system.

Aravind Kumar Namasivayam1, Wing Yiu Stephanie Wong, Dinaay Sharma

  • 1Oral Dynamics Lab, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Ave, Toronto, Canada ON M5G 1V7, Canada , Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (TRI), Toronto, Canada ON M5G 2A2, Canada.

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
|January 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual speech cues may alter auditory efferent system activity. Observing facial speech gestures, unlike non-speech gestures, significantly impacted medial olivocochlear (MOC) activity at 1 kHz, suggesting cross-modal influences on hearing.

Keywords:
Visual speech gesturescontralateral suppressionefferent systemtransient-evoked otoacoustic emissions

More Related Videos

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns
09:42

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

6.6K
Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

19.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation
06:56

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Published on: December 18, 2015

14.0K
Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns
09:42

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

6.6K
Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
12:09

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

19.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Cross-modal Interactions

Background:

  • The visual and auditory systems exhibit complex interactions at both cortical and subcortical levels.
  • Previous research indicates context-specific cross-modal modulation of auditory processing by visual stimuli.
  • The auditory efferent system, particularly medial olivocochlear (MOC) activity, plays a role in auditory modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether visual speech stimuli elicit different responses in the auditory efferent system compared to visual non-speech stimuli.
  • To assess descending cortical influences on MOC activity through indirect measures.
  • To explore potential neural mechanisms underlying visual modulation of auditory processing.

Main Methods:

  • Data collected from 17 healthy young adults, with analysis focused on 7 individuals meeting strict criteria.
  • Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) measured at 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz.
  • Contralateral suppression of TEOAEs examined under three conditions: baseline, observing visual speech gestures (vowels /a/, /u/), and observing visual non-speech gestures (smiling, frowning).

Main Results:

  • A significant difference in TEOAE suppression was observed between conditions involving visual speech gestures and non-speech gestures.
  • This difference was frequency-specific, occurring only at 1 kHz.
  • No significant differences were found at 2, 3, or 4 kHz.

Conclusions:

  • Observing speech-related facial gestures may modulate MOC activity differently than non-speech gestures.
  • This modulation, particularly at lower frequencies, could potentially enhance peripheral neural encoding of auditory information.
  • Findings suggest a need to revise sensory perception models that do not fully account for such cross-modal influences on auditory processing.