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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

3
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
3
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

2
An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
2
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

2
A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
2
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

3
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
3
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

1
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
1

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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
06:01

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Cryptogenic stroke.

A C Fonseca1, J M Ferro

  • 1Serviço de Neurologia, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

European Journal of Neurology
|January 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A quarter of ischaemic strokes remain cryptogenic due to incomplete investigation. Identifying hidden causes through advanced imaging and monitoring is crucial for preventing recurrent strokes.

Keywords:
cancercardiac monitoringcryptogenicembolic stroke of undetermined sourceparoxysmal atrial fibrillationpatent foramen ovaleundetermined cause

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Approximately 25% of ischemic strokes have undetermined causes, classified as cryptogenic.
  • Cryptogenic strokes can be embolic or non-embolic, with potential embolic sources including atrial fibrillation, cardiac conditions, atheroembolism, and patent foramen ovale (PFO).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies for cryptogenic stroke.
  • To highlight the importance of advanced diagnostic techniques in identifying underlying causes of stroke.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cryptogenic stroke.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities such as advanced imaging (ultrasound, MRI) and prolonged cardiac monitoring.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Current treatments focus on risk factor control, statins, and antiplatelets.
  • Routine PFO closure is not evidence-based for cryptogenic stroke.
  • Direct oral anticoagulants are under investigation for embolic stroke of undetermined source.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced imaging and prolonged monitoring are essential for uncovering hidden embolic sources.
  • Further research and clinical trials are needed to optimize treatment for cryptogenic stroke.
  • Personalized therapeutic approaches based on identified causes are key to stroke prevention.