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Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...

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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Antigen Presentation by MHC-Dressed Cells.

Masafumi Nakayama¹

¹Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.

Frontiers in Immunology

|January 21, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can transfer MHC molecules to other cells via trogocytosis or exosomes. These "MHC-dressed" cells present antigens to T cells without further processing, influencing immune responses.

Keywords:

MHC dressing exosomes intercellular communication trogocytosis

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like dendritic cells (DCs), typically present processed antigens bound to MHC molecules to T cells.
Recent research highlights alternative pathways where APCs and non-APCs acquire MHC class I (MHCI) and MHC class II (MHCII) molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the physiological roles of antigen presentation by cells adorned with MHC molecules.
To compare and contrast trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transfer of MHC molecules.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on MHC molecule transfer via trogocytosis and exosomes.
Analysis of studies investigating the function of MHC-dressed cells in immune regulation.

Main Results:

MHC-dressed cells can be generated through cell-cell contact-dependent membrane transfer (trogocytosis) or secretion of membrane vesicles (exosomes).
These cells present preformed peptide-MHC complexes to T cells, activating or regulating them without de novo antigen processing.
Both trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transfer contribute to intercellular MHC transfer, impacting T cell responses.

Conclusions:

Intercellular transfer of MHC molecules represents a significant mechanism for antigen presentation beyond the canonical pathway.
Understanding trogocytosis and exosome-mediated MHC transfer is crucial for comprehending immune regulation and developing novel immunotherapies.