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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Where next for microbiome research?

Matthew K Waldor1, Gene Tyson2, Elhanan Borenstein3

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology Harvard Medical School and HHMI, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos Biology
|January 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-throughput sequencing has revolutionized microbiome research, generating vast metagenomic data. Future directions will focus on integrating multi-omics and computational tools to explore microbial community functions and dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • High-throughput sequencing technologies have dramatically advanced the study of microbial communities.
  • A large volume of metagenomic data has been generated over the last decade.
  • Ongoing improvements in sequencing, multi-omics profiling, and computational tools are accelerating research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the future challenges and opportunities in microbiome research.
  • To consider the next steps beyond current cataloguing and functional analyses.
  • To provide a perspective on the evolving landscape of microbial ecology.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current trends in microbiome research.
  • Discussion of technological advancements in DNA/RNA sequencing.
  • Consideration of protein and metabolic profiling capacities.
  • Evaluation of computational tool development.

Main Results:

  • The field is moving towards more integrated multi-omics approaches.
  • Advancements necessitate new computational strategies for data analysis.
  • The focus is shifting from cataloguing to deeper functional understanding.
  • Challenges include data integration and interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • The future of microbiome research lies in integrating diverse data types.
  • Continued technological and computational innovation is crucial.
  • Addressing future challenges will unlock deeper insights into microbial ecosystems.