Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

920
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...
920
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

1.2K
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
1.2K
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

760
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
760
Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

Dissociative Identity Disorder

2.2K
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
2.2K
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

885
Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
885
Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

1.1K
The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

"I Don't Have Answers, What Must I Say?": Maternal Communication in Forcibly Displaced Families Who Are Seeking International Protection in Ireland.

Transcultural psychiatry·2026
Same author

"That kind of information is crucial to get across": co-developing a sexual assault support website with survivors and support providers.

International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being·2025
Same author

First Weeks After Sexual Assault: Unveiling the Lived Experiences of Norwegian Survivors.

Journal of interpersonal violence·2025
Same author

Bystander interventions against gender-based violence and harassment in the workplace: a scoping review.

Frontiers in psychology·2025
Same author

Experts in traumatic stress are concerned about global impact of what is happening in U.S.

European journal of psychotraumatology·2025
Same author

The impact of trauma and how to intervene: a narrative review of psychotraumatology over the past 15 years.

European journal of psychotraumatology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

14.3K

Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model.

Dorte M Christiansen1, Maj Hansen2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Demark; National Centre for Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark; dochristiansen@health.sdu.dk.

European Journal of Psychotraumatology
|January 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Females experience more posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms due to a combination of risk factors. These factors, including peritraumatic distress and negative cognitions, explain 83% of the sex difference in PTSD severity.

Keywords:
Posttraumatic stress disordergender differencesinterpersonal violencemultiple mediatorspredictorsrisk factorsrobbery

More Related Videos

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

1.4K
Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

13.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

14.3K
Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

1.4K
Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

13.3K

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Trauma Studies

Background:

  • Females are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at twice the rate of males.
  • The reasons for higher PTSD symptom severity in females remain largely unknown.
  • Previous studies inadequately explored multiple risk factors contributing to sex differences in PTSD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate if a combination of risk factors explains sex differences in PTSD severity.
  • To test the hypothesis that pre-, peri-, and posttraumatic risk factors more prevalent in females account for these differences.

Main Methods:

  • A quasi-prospective questionnaire survey was conducted among Danish bank employees exposed to bank robbery.
  • Participants completed assessments 1 week and 6 months post-trauma.
  • A multiple mediator model was employed to analyze the association between sex and PTSD severity.

Main Results:

  • Females reported significantly higher PTSD symptoms, neuroticism, depression, anxiety sensitivity, peritraumatic distress (fear, horror, helplessness), tonic immobility, panic, dissociation, and negative cognitions.
  • These variables, acting as mediators, significantly explained the association between sex and PTSD severity.
  • The combined risk factors accounted for 83% of the sex difference in PTSD severity.

Conclusions:

  • Higher levels of specific risk factors in females contribute to their increased reporting of PTSD symptoms.
  • These findings have implications for understanding trauma-related disorders prevalent in females, such as depression and anxiety.
  • The results underscore the importance of considering multiple interacting risk factors in sex-based trauma research.