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Custom-tailored tissue engineered polycaprolactone scaffolds for total disc replacement.

S van Uden1, J Silva-Correia, V M Correlo

  • 13B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.

Biofabrication
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed custom intervertebral disc scaffolds using reverse engineering and 3D printing. These polycaprolactone scaffolds show promise for tissue engineering and total disc replacement, with no observed cytotoxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major cause of musculoskeletal disease.
  • Current tissue engineering strategies for IVD repair often lack patient-specific geometry.
  • Successful IVD regeneration requires scaffolds that match native tissue mechanics and patient anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop custom-tailored annulus fibrosus scaffolds using reverse engineering and rapid prototyping.
  • To replicate the specific geometry of the intervertebral disc for improved implant integration.
  • To assess the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the fabricated scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and 3D modeling were used to obtain rabbit IVD architecture.
  • Computer-aided design (CAD) generated patient-specific geometries for scaffold fabrication.
  • Fused deposition modeling 3D printing produced polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds; microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed adequate layer adhesion and successful replication of designed porosities.
  • Micro-CT analysis validated the 3D architecture of the PCL scaffolds.
  • Compressive stiffness of scaffolds (5.9-6.7 kN mm(-1)) was significantly higher than human IVDs (1.2 kN mm(-1)); in vitro cytotoxicity tests were negative.

Conclusions:

  • A rapid, low-cost method for fabricating custom annulus fibrosus scaffolds was established.
  • The PCL scaffolds demonstrated appropriate structural replication and biocompatibility.
  • This approach holds potential for developing patient-specific tissue-engineered total disc replacement implants for full IVD regeneration.