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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Elongator, a conserved complex required for wobble uridine modifications in eukaryotes.

Tony Karlsborn1, Hasan Tükenmez, A K M Firoj Mahmud

  • 1a Department of Molecular Biology ; Umeå University; Umeå , Sweden.

RNA Biology
|January 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The Elongator complex, crucial for eukaryotic cells, primarily modifies transfer RNA (tRNA) wobble positions. This review explores its role in tRNA modification and translation regulation.

Keywords:
KTI genesKluveromyces lactis γ-toxinSAP genesSIT4elongator complextRNA wobble uridine modifications,translation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Elongator is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein complex with debated functions.
  • Mutant phenotypes suggest Elongator's involvement in multiple cellular processes.
  • Yeast studies strongly indicate its primary role in tRNA wobble base modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cellular processes linked to the Elongator complex.
  • To discuss Elongator's function in tRNA modification.
  • To examine Elongator's role in translation regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Elongator complex.
  • Analysis of genetic and biochemical data related to Elongator function.
  • Examination of tRNA modification pathways.

Main Results:

  • Elongator's essential role in forming mcm(5) and ncm(5) side chains on tRNA wobble uridines.
  • Evidence supporting tRNA modification as the primary function of Elongator.
  • Elongator influences translation regulation through tRNA modification.

Conclusions:

  • Elongator's conserved function is critical for tRNA modification at the wobble position.
  • Understanding Elongator's role in tRNA modification clarifies its impact on translation.
  • Additional factors influencing ncm(5) and mcm(5) modification impact Elongator activity.