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Influence of immune activation and inflammatory response on cardiovascular risk associated with the human

Luis M Beltrán1, Alfonso Rubio-Navarro2, Juan Manuel Amaro-Villalobos2

  • 1Metabolic-Vascular Unit, Fundación IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.

Vascular Health and Risk Management
|January 23, 2015
PubMed

Insights

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases cardiovascular risk. HIV-related inflammation, immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction drive atherosclerosis development and progression, independent of antiretroviral therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibit elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated metabolic changes were initially blamed, but HIV disease pathogenesis is now recognized as a primary driver.
  • Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and endothelial dysfunction inherent to HIV infection contribute significantly to CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and pathogenesis of CVD in the context of HIV infection.
  • To synthesize current understanding of how HIV disease itself impacts cardiovascular risk.
  • To examine the role of traditional and novel biomarkers in assessing CVD risk in HIV-positive individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing epidemiological data on CVD in HIV.
  • Analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms linking HIV infection to atherosclerosis.
  • Evaluation of biomarkers related to inflammation, immune activation, and endothelial function.

Main Results:

  • HIV infection independently elevates cardiovascular risk.
  • Inflammation, immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction are key mechanisms.
  • Biomarkers of these processes are crucial for risk stratification in HIV patients.

Conclusions:

  • HIV disease, not solely ART, is a major contributor to accelerated atherosclerosis.
  • Understanding HIV-specific inflammatory and immune pathways is vital for CVD prevention.
  • Novel biomarkers offer potential for improved cardiovascular risk assessment in HIV-infected populations.

Keywords:
HIVantiretroviral therapycardiovascular diseaseimmune activationinflammation

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