Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

4
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
4
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

2
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
2
Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

6
Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
6
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

108
Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
108
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

2
Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
2
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

3.7K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Do Internalizing Syndromes have Incremental Validity for External Criteria Above and Beyond Each Other?

Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
Same author

Differential regulation of monocyte exhaustion by distinct TLR agonists and underlying mechanisms.

Cell communication and signaling : CCS·2026
Same author

Monocyte exhaustion associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Autoimmunity·2026
Same author

Myocardial Infarction, Precision-Engineered T Regulatory Cells to the Rescue.

Circulation·2026
Same author

Immune exhaustion, the culprit for long COVID and chronic complications.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
Same author

Predicting the course of high-impact chronic pain using machine learning algorithms.

The journal of pain·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
07:48

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation

Published on: May 16, 2016

12.2K

Innate immune programing by endotoxin and its pathological consequences.

Matthew C Morris1, Elizabeth A Gilliam2, Liwu Li1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA , USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose dynamically programs innate immune cell responses. Varying LPS concentrations reveal complex cellular signaling, impacting inflammation resolution and immune memory.

Keywords:
acute and chronic inflammationendotoxininnate programingpriming and tolerancesystems dynamics

More Related Videos

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
08:24

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Published on: May 2, 2018

20.8K
Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

13.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
07:48

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation

Published on: May 16, 2016

12.2K
Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
08:24

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Published on: May 2, 2018

20.8K
Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

13.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Monocytes and macrophages are crucial for immune responses and maintaining bodily balance.
  • Recent research indicates that these cells can develop "memory" states through dynamic programming.
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key molecule that triggers innate immune reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathological effects of different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) doses.
  • To explore the dynamic changes in innate immune responses to LPS.
  • To identify key molecular regulatory circuits involved in LPS-induced cellular programming.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes findings from recent studies on LPS and innate immunity.
  • Analysis focuses on the dose-dependent effects of LPS on cellular responses.
  • Emphasis is placed on the dynamics of intracellular signaling pathways, particularly downstream of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).

Main Results:

  • High doses of LPS induce acute, self-limiting inflammation.
  • Lower doses of LPS are linked to chronic, non-resolving inflammation.
  • These differing outcomes suggest complex, dynamic intracellular signaling circuits.

Conclusions:

  • The dose of LPS significantly influences the nature and resolution of innate immune responses.
  • Intracellular signaling dynamics downstream of TLR4 are critical in determining inflammatory outcomes.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to addressing LPS-related pathologies.