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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

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Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
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Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure Measurements in Combination with Harvest of Lung and Immune Tissue Samples in Mice
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Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension.

Demosthenes G Papamatheakis1, Ana Olga H Mocumbi2, Nick H Kim1

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California, USA.

Pulmonary Circulation
|January 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, can cause severe pulmonary hypertension (Sch-PH). Research is needed to understand its causes and effective treatments, especially for the 20 million affected globally.

Keywords:
Sch-PHchronic schistosomiasispathogenesis and treatmentpulmonary hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Tropical medicine
  • Cardiopulmonary diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Schistosomiasis is a prevalent parasitic disease in Africa and Asia, affecting millions globally.
  • Chronic schistosomiasis can lead to severe complications, including hepatosplenic disease and cardiopulmonary issues like pulmonary hypertension.
  • Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension (Sch-PH) affects an estimated 20 million individuals worldwide, with significant morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension (Sch-PH).
  • To explore the unclear pathogenesis and immunopathology of Sch-PH.
  • To discuss the limited evidence regarding treatment strategies for Sch-PH.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of schistosomiasis and pulmonary hypertension.
  • Analysis of proposed pathogenetic mechanisms for Sch-PH.
  • Examination of immunopathological similarities with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Main Results:

  • The precise pathogenesis of Sch-PH remains unclear, with proposed mechanisms including parasitic embolization and arteriopathy.
  • Immunopathology shows similarities to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but requires further investigation.
  • Treatment strategies for Sch-PH are not well-established, with limited data on treating the underlying infection or advanced PAH therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Sch-PH is a serious complication of schistosomiasis with poorly understood mechanisms.
  • Further research is crucial to elucidate the pathogenesis and immunopathology of Sch-PH.
  • Effective and evidence-based treatment guidelines for Sch-PH are urgently needed.