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Related Concept Videos

Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Layers of the Epidermis01:21

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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Arp2/3 complex function in the epidermis.

Terry Lechler1

  • 1Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University ; Durham, NC USA.

Tissue Barriers
|January 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Arp2/3 complex, crucial for actin organization, unexpectedly impacts epidermal barrier and differentiation. Tissue-specific studies reveal its complex roles beyond cell culture observations.

Keywords:
AJ, adherens junctionArp, Actin-related proteinArp2/3 complexEGFR, epidermal growth factor receptorFAK, focal adhesion kinaseFRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleachingN-WASP, neural Wiskott-Aldrich synrome proteinYAP1ZO, zonula occludensepidermistight junction

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • The actin cytoskeleton, particularly F-actin, is fundamental for cellular functions like shape, adhesion, migration, and signaling.
  • Understanding how basic cell machinery operates in complex tissues is key to discovering novel regulatory mechanisms and tissue-specific functions.
  • The Arp2/3 complex is a primary regulator of actin nucleation, essential for diverse cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the Arp2/3 complex in the stratified epithelial tissue of the epidermis.
  • To identify unexpected functions of the Arp2/3 complex in epidermal physiology beyond established cell culture models.

Main Methods:

  • Functional analysis of the Arp2/3 complex within the epidermal tissue context.
  • Phenotypic assessment of epidermal barrier function and differentiation upon loss of Arp2/3 complex activity.

Main Results:

  • Loss of Arp2/3 complex activity in the epidermis did not result in expected defects in tissue architecture or cell adhesion.
  • Significant defects in epidermal barrier function and cellular differentiation were observed in the absence of Arp2/3 complex activity.
  • These findings highlight limitations of cell culture models in fully recapitulating complex tissue functions.

Conclusions:

  • The Arp2/3 complex plays critical, non-canonical roles in epidermal barrier formation and differentiation.
  • Studying core cellular machinery in complex, in vivo tissue settings is essential for uncovering novel biological functions.
  • Tissue-specific investigations of the Arp2/3 complex are likely to reveal further surprising physiological contributions.