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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
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Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pneumothorax-I01:26

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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

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Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
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[Pulmonary embolism].

Gerold Söffker1, Stefan Kluge1

  • 1Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf.

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|January 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis and treatment are complex. New European guidelines use risk-adapted algorithms for faster, safer patient care, with direct oral anticoagulants as a new option.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Emergency Medicine

Context:

  • Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) presents with non-specific signs, necessitating rapid diagnosis and treatment to minimize morbidity and mortality.
  • The 2014 European guidelines provide a framework for risk-adapted diagnostic and prognostic approaches to PE management.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) based on the 2014 European guidelines.
  • To detail risk stratification methods and treatment options for different patient groups, including high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk categories.

Summary:

  • The guidelines propose a risk-adapted approach, categorizing patients into high-risk (hemodynamically unstable) and non-high-risk (hemodynamically stable) groups.
  • Diagnosis in high-risk patients typically involves multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), with treatment focusing on right ventricular dysfunction and thrombolysis.

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  • For non-high-risk patients, diagnosis utilizes validated scores and MDCT, with D-dimer testing for ruling out PE. Prognostic stratification involves assessing right ventricular dysfunction and cardiac biomarkers.
  • Treatment for non-high-risk patients includes anticoagulation, with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAKs) as a new first-line alternative. Thrombolysis may be considered for select intermediate-high-risk patients with careful risk-benefit assessment.

    • Impact:

    • Improved diagnostic algorithms enhance decision-making for acute pulmonary embolism.
    • Direct oral anticoagulants represent a significant advancement in first-line therapy for hemodynamically stable non-high-risk PE patients.
    • Risk stratification tools aid in tailoring treatment intensity and considering outpatient management for low-risk cases.