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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation01:28

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The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect.
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Indirect handle on the down-quark Yukawa coupling.

Florian Goertz1

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|January 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Measuring up and down quark Yukawa couplings is challenging. However, flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) offer an indirect method, with deviations potentially indicating Higgs boson interactions with down quarks.

Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Standard Model Physics

Background:

  • Direct measurement of up and down quark Yukawa couplings (Yu,d) is experimentally infeasible with current technology.
  • The Standard Model describes fundamental particles and forces, but precise measurements of couplings are crucial for testing its validity.
  • Flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) are rare processes that can provide sensitive probes of new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for indirect measurement of up and down quark Yukawa couplings.
  • To explore the relationship between quark mass misalignment and the generation of flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNCs).
  • To establish constraints on Yukawa couplings using existing experimental data on FCNCs.

Main Methods:

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  • Performing a general analysis of potential misalignments between quark masses and their Yukawa couplings.
  • Deriving predictions for the magnitude of induced FCNCs based on shifts in first-generation quark Yukawa couplings.
  • Utilizing kaon physics and other well-constrained FCNC processes to set limits.

Main Results:

  • A change exceeding 50% in the down quark Yukawa coupling (Yd) would likely lead to ds transitions that conflict with experimental kaon physics data.
  • This conflict suggests a non-zero direct coupling of the down quark to the Higgs boson.
  • Non-observation of specific FCNC processes provides powerful indirect constraints on otherwise inaccessible Yukawa couplings.

Conclusions:

  • The non-observation of FCNCs serves as a powerful indirect probe for measuring fundamental parameters like quark Yukawa couplings.
  • Improvements in FCNC limits, particularly in the up-type quark sector, can yield valuable information about Yu.
  • This approach transforms the limitations of current experiments into a tool for discovering new physics and refining the Standard Model.