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Related Concept Videos

Anaphase A and B01:39

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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets
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Sharpening the anaphase switch.

John C Meadows1, Jonathan B A Millar1

  • 1*Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|January 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate cell division relies on synchronized sister chromatid separation. This review highlights feedback loops that ensure anaphase onset is rapid, coordinated, and irreversible, crucial for maintaining cell ploidy.

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Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sister chromatid segregation during mitosis is vital for maintaining ploidy.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of sister chromatid cohesion dissolution is incomplete.
  • The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) plays a central role in initiating anaphase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging evidence for feedback loops regulating anaphase onset.
  • To elucidate the coordinated dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion.
  • To explain the molecular events triggering rapid and irreversible anaphase.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in mitosis research.
  • Analysis of molecular and biochemical pathways involved in sister chromatid cohesion.
  • Examination of the role of APC/C-Cdc20 in regulating key cell cycle proteins.

Main Results:

  • APC/C-Cdc20 targets securin for destruction, activating separase to cleave cohesin.
  • APC/C-Cdc20 also degrades cyclin B, inactivating Cdk1 and altering microtubule dynamics.
  • Multiple feedback loops ensure timely and coordinated anaphase onset and progression.

Conclusions:

  • The dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion is a tightly regulated process.
  • Feedback mechanisms are essential for the rapid, coordinated, and irreversible onset of anaphase.
  • Further research into these feedback loops will enhance our understanding of cell duplication accuracy.