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Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

28.7K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Structure determination of [Au18(SR)14].

Anindita Das1, Chong Liu, Hee Young Byun

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (USA).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers detailed the X-ray crystal structure of a small, charge-neutral gold cluster, [Au18(SC6H11)14]. This finding reveals insights into gold cluster formation and structural evolution with size.

Keywords:
goldnanoclustersstructure elucidationsulfur ligands

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Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
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Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
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Area of Science:

  • * Inorganic Chemistry
  • * Materials Science
  • * Nanotechnology

Background:

  • * Understanding small gold clusters is crucial for elucidating metallic bonding origins.
  • * Nucleation mechanisms of gold clusters from organometallic precursors remain an active research area.
  • * Thiolate-protected gold clusters are of significant interest due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To determine the atomic structure of a novel, charge-neutral gold cluster.
  • * To investigate the structural evolution of gold clusters with decreasing size.
  • * To gain insights into the nucleation process from organometallic compounds.

Main Methods:

  • * X-ray crystallography was employed to determine the precise atomic arrangement.
  • * Synthesis of the gold cluster from organometallic precursors.
  • * Theoretical calculations (e.g., DFT) to analyze electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • * Reported the X-ray crystal structure of the charge-neutral [Au18(SC6H11)14] cluster.
  • * Observed an unprecedented bi-octahedral (hexagonal close packing) Au9 kernel.
  • * Identified staple-like protecting motifs: one tetramer, one dimer, and three monomers.

Conclusions:

  • * The [Au18(SC6H11)14] cluster represents the smallest crystallographically characterized thiolate-protected gold cluster to date.
  • * Provides critical insights into the structural evolution and size-dependent properties of gold clusters.
  • * Theoretical calculations suggest charge transfer from the surface to the kernel during HOMO-LUMO transitions.