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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Vaccinations01:51

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Overview
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Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
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Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes

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Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines.

Luis A Brito1, Sushma Kommareddy1, Domenico Maione2

  • 1Novartis Vaccines, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.

Advances in Genetics
|January 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines offer enhanced immunogenicity and safety. Nonviral delivery systems are crucial for efficient cellular uptake, showing potent immune responses in preclinical studies.

Keywords:
Cationic nanoemulsionLipid nanoparticleNonviral deliveryNucleic acid vaccineSelf-amplifying mRNA vaccinemRNA vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Nucleic acid vaccines, including plasmid DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, represent a rapidly evolving field.
  • Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccines combine the flexibility of DNA vaccines with improved immunogenicity and safety profiles.
  • Efficient delivery of saRNA to the cell cytoplasm is critical for vaccine efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce nucleic acid-based vaccines, focusing on self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccine development.
  • To review recent advancements in nonviral delivery systems for saRNA vaccines.
  • To highlight the potential of saRNA vaccines as a versatile immunization tool.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of electrostatic complexation (cationic lipids/polymers) for RNA delivery.
  • Assessment of physical delivery methods (electroporation, ballistic particles) to enhance cellular uptake.
  • Preclinical testing of saRNA vaccines in animal models (small animals and nonhuman primates).

Main Results:

  • Nonviral delivery systems effectively overcome RNA's hydrophilicity and negative charge, improving cellular uptake.
  • Preclinical studies demonstrate that nonviral delivery of saRNA elicits potent innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Manufacturing challenges and mRNA instability concerns are being addressed, enabling large-scale production.

Conclusions:

  • Nonviral delivery systems are making rapid progress for RNA-based vaccine applications.
  • saRNA vaccines show significant promise, with preclinical data indicating strong immunogenicity and tolerability.
  • Successful human trials could establish saRNA technology as a key platform for future human immunization strategies.