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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Recurrent Thyroid Eye Disease.

Payal Patel1, Joyce Khandji, Michael Kazim

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, U.S.A.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|January 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Recurrence of thyroid eye disease (TED) is more common than previously thought, affecting 15.7% of patients. Understanding TED reactivation is crucial for patient management and education.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) has a biphasic course: active and quiescent stages.
  • Reactivation of TED, defined as recurrence after 6 months of stability, is considered rare and understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and characteristics of recurrent thyroid eye disease (TED).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 415 patient visits for TED between 2006 and 2012.
  • Identification of recurrent cases through patient history, orbital imaging, and photographic evidence.

Main Results:

  • Recurrence was identified in 65 out of 415 cases (15.7%).
  • Most recurrences occurred within 10 years of the initial TED episode.
  • Smokers had a higher recurrence rate (22%) than non-smokers (14.6%).

Conclusions:

  • Recurrence of thyroid eye disease (TED) is more frequent than previously believed.
  • Further understanding of TED's natural history is vital for effective patient education and management.