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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets
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"Pseudoextinction": asymmetries in simultaneous attentional selection.

Patrick T Goodbourn1, Alex O Holcombe1

  • 1School of Psychology, The University of Sydney.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|January 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Selecting simultaneous targets shows visual field biases, termed pseudoextinction. This attentional asymmetry impacts target selection efficacy, not timing, suggesting serial processing of parallel activations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Visual search tasks often reveal asymmetries in processing between the left and right visual fields.
  • Attentional biases are frequently linked to hemispheric processing imbalances in the brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate visual-field asymmetries in the selection of simultaneous targets presented within rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams.
  • To characterize the phenomenon of pseudoextinction and its underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Participants identified targets within one or two concurrent RSVP letter streams.
  • Performance was compared across different visual field presentations (left vs. right, superior vs. inferior).
  • Mixture modeling analyzed error types to differentiate effects on selection latency, precision, and efficacy.

Main Results:

  • When two streams were cued, performance in the right visual field significantly declined, a phenomenon termed pseudoextinction.
  • Pseudoextinction also occurred with vertically presented streams, favoring the superior over the inferior stream.
  • Analysis revealed that pseudoextinction specifically reduced selection efficacy, without impacting temporal precision or latency.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudoextinction suggests simultaneous perceptual trace activation occurs in parallel, but subsequent tokenization (selection) is serial.
  • This serial tokenization process can lead to the decay of unattended target traces, impairing the reporting of simultaneous targets.
  • Attentional asymmetries in target selection may stem from the serial nature of tokenizing parallel perceptual activations.