Thermionic emission and negative dI/dV in photoactive graphene heterostructures

Transport in photoactive graphene heterostructures, originating from the dynamics of photogenerated hot carriers, is governed by the processes of thermionic emission, electron-lattice thermal imbalance, and cooling. These processes give rise to interesting photoresponse effects, in particular negative differential resistance (NDR) arising in the hot-carrier regime. The NDR effect stems from a strong dependence of electron-lattice cooling on the carrier density, which results in the carrier temperature dropping precipitously upon increasing bias. The ON-OFF switching between the NDR regime and the conventional cold emission regime, as well as the gate-controlled closed-circuit current that is present at zero bias voltage, can serve as signatures of hot-carrier dominated transport.