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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: November 7, 2025

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Wakefulness delta waves increase after cortical plasticity induction.

G Assenza1, G Pellegrino2, M Tombini1

  • 1Dipartimento di Neurologia, Università Campus Biomedico di Roma, Rome, Italy.

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
|January 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) applied to the motor cortex increases delta waves (DW) during wakefulness. This finding supports a role for delta waves in neural plasticity in the awake brain.

Keywords:
Delta bandDelta wavesEEGMEPPlasticitySleepSynaptic homeostasis hypothesisTMSiTBS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • Delta waves (DW) are associated with synaptic plasticity during sleep.
  • The functional role of delta waves during wakefulness, particularly after brain lesions, remains unclear.
  • Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a protocol used to induce cortical plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of iTBS on delta waves (DW) during wakefulness.
  • To explore the relationship between iTBS-induced cortical plasticity and changes in delta wave activity.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty healthy subjects received real or sham iTBS on the left primary motor cortex.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded before and after stimulation.
  • Power spectral density (PSD) and coherence were analyzed across different frequency bands.

Main Results:

  • Real iTBS significantly increased motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and delta wave (DW) power spectral density (PSD) for up to 30 minutes post-stimulation.
  • The increase in DW PSD was observed over frontal areas near the stimulated cortex.
  • No significant changes were found in other frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta) or interhemispheric coherence.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in the motor cortex via iTBS is associated with a sustained increase in delta waves (DW) over the ipsilateral frontal cortex during wakefulness.
  • These findings suggest a significant role for delta waves in neural plasticity processes occurring in the awake brain.