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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Ploidy variation in multinucleate cells changes under stress.

Cori A Anderson1, Samantha Roberts1, Huaiying Zhang1

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Ploidy variation occurs in fungal nuclei within a single cell. Stress leads to a predominance of haploid nuclei, suggesting limited buffering of gene products in multinucleate cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Genetics
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Ploidy variation (changes in chromosome number) is observed in various biological contexts, including cancer and fungal infections.
  • Altering chromosome copy number can aid adaptation but may cause fitness defects due to protein imbalances.
  • Multinucleate states, arising from failed cell division or fusion, can lead to aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number) and polyploidy (multiple sets of chromosomes).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ploidy variation within the nuclei of a naturally multinucleate fungus, Ashbya gossypii.
  • To determine if a common cytoplasm buffers protein imbalances caused by ploidy variation in syncytia.
  • To understand how ploidy changes in response to cellular stress and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized integrated lac operator arrays for precise ploidy analysis in Ashbya gossypii.
  • Quantified the range of nuclear ploidy levels within individual multinucleate cells.
  • Assessed changes in ploidy distribution under conditions of cellular stress and aging.

Main Results:

  • Observed substantial variation in chromosome number among nuclei within the same Ashbya gossypii cell, ranging from haploid (1N) to over tetraploid (4N).
  • Found diverse polyploidies coexisting within single cells, with low levels of aneuploidy.
  • Demonstrated that ploidy variation increases with cell age and that stress conditions promote the dominance of haploid nuclei.

Conclusions:

  • Mixed ploidy is tolerated in Ashbya gossypii syncytia, indicating some level of resilience.
  • Cellular stress leads to genome content homogenization, suggesting potential costs associated with ploidy variation.
  • Limited sharing of gene products implies incomplete buffering of ploidy variation despite the presence of a common cytosol.