Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

5.2K
X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
5.2K
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

226
Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
226
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

124
In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
124
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

888
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
888
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

27.1K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
27.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II links ER stress with Fas and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2009
Same author

Cripto-1 overexpression is involved in the tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BMC cancer·2009
Same author

Range of motion and orientation of the lumbar facet joints in vivo.

Spine·2009
Same author

[Silencing of COX-2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with a shRNAmir lentivirus vector].

Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University·2009
Same author

The risk of melamine-induced nephrolithiasis in young children starts at a lower intake level than recommended by the WHO.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)·2009
Same author

Adult scoliosis in patients over sixty-five years of age: outcomes of operative versus nonoperative treatment at a minimum two-year follow-up.

Spine·2009
Same journal

Metabolic profile analysis of key pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins from Abrus cantoniensis Hance and the interaction with hepatoprotective pharmacodynamic targets.

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
Same journal

Structure-guided design of adsorbent: Online SPE-semi-preparative HPLC for efficient isolation and purification of three praeruptorins from Peucedanum Praeruptorum Dunn.

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
Same journal

Analyzing the impact of ionizable lipid identity, purity, and stability on lipid nanoparticle performance.

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
Same journal

Application of two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a complementary technique to circular dichroism spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of GalNAc-siRNA conjugates.

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
Same journal

The transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from mother to child: Comparison between maternal and cord blood in an Italian cohort.

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
Same journal

UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS-based blood-component profiling and multi-omics analysis reveal potential protective mechanisms of Shenzhuo Formula against diabetic kidney disease.

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.2K

Quantification of febuxostat polymorphs using powder X-ray diffraction technique.

Jing-bo Qiu1, Gang Li1, Yue Sheng1

  • 1Testing & Analysis Center, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
|January 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) method accurately quantifies febuxostat (FEB) polymorphic forms A and G. This validated technique precisely measures mixtures, aiding pharmaceutical quality control.

Keywords:
Calibration curveFebuxostatPolymorphPowder X-ray diffractionQuantitative analysis

More Related Videos

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

11.3K
X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

16.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.2K
Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

11.3K
X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

16.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Febuxostat exhibits over 20 polymorphic forms, with Form A being prevalent and often co-existing with Form G.
  • Accurate quantification of specific polymorphs is crucial for drug efficacy and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a quantitative method for determining the proportions of febuxostat polymorphic forms A and G.
  • To establish a reliable analytical technique for analyzing FEB polymorphic mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of pure febuxostat polymorphic forms A and G.
  • Development of a quantitative method using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).
  • Construction of a calibration curve using characteristic peaks (Form A at 12.78°, Form G at 11.72°) and linear regression analysis.

Main Results:

  • A good linear relationship (R²=0.9985) was observed for peak area in the 10-60 wt.% concentration range.
  • The developed PXRD method demonstrated good precision, recovery, and ruggedness.
  • The method achieved limits of detection (1.5%) and quantitation (4.6%).

Conclusions:

  • The developed PXRD method is repeatable, sensitive, and accurate for quantifying febuxostat forms A and G.
  • This method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of febuxostat polymorphic mixtures in pharmaceutical applications.