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Related Concept Videos

Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
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Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Published on: July 21, 2014

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A study of polymerization shrinkage kinetics using digital image correlation.

Andrew Lau1, Jianying Li1, Young Cheul Heo1

  • 1Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|February 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Digital image correlation (DIC) measured dental resin composite shrinkage in real-time. Z100 exhibited greater polymerization shrinkage than LS, informing optimal curing strategies.

Keywords:
Digital image correlation (DIC)Inversely synchronized shutterPolymerization shrinkage kineticsReal-time measurementResin composite

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Materials Science

Background:

  • Dental resin composites are widely used restorative materials.
  • Polymerization shrinkage is a critical factor affecting their clinical performance.
  • Accurate measurement of shrinkage kinetics is essential for material development and application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate polymerization shrinkage kinetics of dental resin composites.
  • To measure full-field shrinkage strain in real-time using a novel digital image correlation (DIC) technique.
  • To assess the influence of material type and depth on shrinkage behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Resin composite specimens (Filtek LS and Z100) were subjected to controlled light irradiation.
  • A novel DIC setup with an inversely synchronized shutter captured images at 15 fps.
  • Proprietary software processed images to generate full-field strain maps over time.

Main Results:

  • Z100 demonstrated higher final volumetric shrinkage (1.99%) compared to LS (1.19%).
  • Shrinkage kinetics followed a defined model, with characteristic times and reaction orders varying with depth.
  • Maximum shrinkage strain occurred 1.0 mm from the irradiated surface.

Conclusions:

  • The novel DIC method provides real-time, full-field assessment of dental resin composite shrinkage strain kinetics.
  • This technique can aid in evaluating material behavior as a function of depth.
  • Findings can inform the optimization of curing modes for dental composites.