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Reply to Byker Shanks et al. Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Incorporating a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Lens. Comment on "Di Noia, J.; Gellermann, W. Use of the Spectroscopy-Based Veggie Meter<sup>®</sup> to Objectively Assess Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-Income Adults. <i>Nutrients</i> 2021, <i>13</i>, 2270".

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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
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Optical detection methods for carotenoids in human skin.

Igor V Ermakov1, Werner Gellermann1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|February 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Optical methods like Resonance Raman and reflection spectroscopy non-invasively measure skin carotenoids, reflecting fruit and vegetable intake. These methods may serve as biomarkers for integrative health and nutrition science.

Keywords:
AntioxidantsCarotenoidsHuman skinRaman spectroscopyReflection spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Nutritional Science
  • Biomarker Development

Background:

  • Carotenoids in human skin are derived from dietary intake.
  • Non-invasive optical methods offer a quantitative approach to assess carotenoid levels.
  • Existing optical methods are used in the nutritional supplement industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of Resonance Raman and reflection spectroscopy for in vivo skin carotenoid measurement.
  • To assess the validation status of optical methods against the gold standard (HPLC).
  • To evaluate the potential of optical methods as biomarkers for diet and health.

Main Methods:

  • Resonance Raman spectroscopy
  • Reflection spectroscopy
  • Comparison with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) as a gold standard.

Main Results:

  • Optical methods provide non-invasive, in vivo quantification of skin carotenoids.
  • Validation studies are crucial for medical and epidemiological applications.
  • These methods show promise as objective indicators of fruit and vegetable intake.

Conclusions:

  • Optical spectroscopy methods are valuable for measuring skin carotenoids non-invasively.
  • Further validation is needed for widespread use in nutrition science and epidemiology.
  • Skin carotenoid monitoring can serve as a biomarker for dietary habits and overall health.