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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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The origin of bounded rationality and intelligence.

Andrew W Lo1

  • 1MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
|February 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Natural selection explains diverse behaviors, from risk-taking to randomization, by favoring traits that enhance reproductive success. Intelligence is defined by behaviors that boost survival and reproduction across species.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Game Theory

Background:

  • Rational economic behavior is not the sole driver of natural selection.
  • Organisms exhibit diverse behaviors beyond self-interest maximization.
  • Behavioral traits are heritable, with offspring mirroring parental strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a unified evolutionary framework for diverse behaviors.
  • To explain the origin of behaviors like risk sensitivity and loss aversion.
  • To define intelligence and rationality within an evolutionary context.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling a population with arbitrary behaviors and binary choices.
  • Simulating natural selection based on reproductive success.
  • Analyzing the survival dynamics of different behavioral strategies.

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Main Results:

  • Behaviors linked to higher reproductive success proliferate exponentially.
  • Less successful behaviors decline rapidly.
  • A single evolutionary model explains a range of observed behaviors across species.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral evolution is driven by reproductive success in specific environments.
  • Intelligence is behavior that enhances reproductive likelihood.
  • Physiological and environmental factors constrain rational decision-making.