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Human sickness behavior: Ultimate and proximate explanations.

Eric C Shattuck1, Michael P Muehlenbein

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sickness behavior, a response to infection, involves changes in energy use and immune response. Hormones, genes, and cultural factors influence these adaptive human responses, requiring further study.

Keywords:
cortisolcytokinesevolutionary endocrinologygenderleptinmelatoninoxytocinpsychoneuroimmunologysexsickness behaviorsocial normstestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Interdisciplinary research at the intersection of immunology, endocrinology, and evolutionary biology.
  • Focus on sickness behavior, a coordinated set of behavioral changes during infection.

Background:

  • Sickness behavior is triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • It is considered an adaptive mechanism to prioritize immune response.
  • Hormones like testosterone and oxytocin may modulate sickness behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on human sickness behavior.
  • To explore the influence of hormones, cytokine gene variation, and socio-cultural factors.
  • To propose methodologies for advancing human sickness behavior research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on sickness behavior in humans.
  • Examination of hormonal modulators (testosterone, oxytocin).
  • Analysis of potential genetic (cytokine gene variation) and socio-cultural (gender, culture) influences.

Main Results:

  • Human sickness behavior research lags behind animal models due to complexity.
  • Hormonal, genetic, and socio-cultural factors likely play significant roles.
  • Methodological challenges impede human studies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding human sickness behavior requires integrating immunological, endocrinological, and evolutionary perspectives.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay of factors influencing sickness behavior in humans.
  • Developing robust methodologies is crucial for advancing the field.