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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

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Superwettability controlled overflow.

Zhichao Dong1, Lei Wu, Jianfeng Wang

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Superwettability controls fluid overflow, with superhydrophilicity enhancing it and superhydrophobicity reducing it. This study reveals the underlying mechanisms and preparation methods for controlling fluid dynamics at solid-liquid interfaces.

Keywords:
flow separationmicro-nanostructuresoverflowsuperhydrophilicitysuperhydrophobicity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Controlling fluid behavior at interfaces is crucial for many scientific and engineering applications.
  • Understanding the dynamic interactions between fluids and solid surfaces is an ongoing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of superwettability on fluid overflow.
  • To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms governing fluid-solid edge interactions.
  • To present methods for creating superwettable surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of solid surfaces with engineered superwettability (superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic).
  • Observation and analysis of fluid overflow dynamics on these engineered surfaces.
  • Characterization of surface properties and fluid-surface interactions.

Main Results:

  • Superhydrophilic surfaces significantly enhance fluid overflow.
  • Superhydrophobic surfaces effectively reduce or prevent fluid overflow.
  • The study reveals the dynamic mechanisms behind superwettability-controlled overflow.

Conclusions:

  • Superwettability offers a powerful strategy for controlling fluid overflow.
  • The findings provide a fundamental understanding of fluid-interface dynamics.
  • This research opens avenues for novel applications requiring controlled fluid behavior at interfaces.