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Related Concept Videos

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
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Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces
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Tunable capillary-induced attraction between vertical cylinders.

Jennifer M Rieser1, P E Arratia, A G Yodh

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|February 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fluid-mediated forces between submerged cylinders are explored. Attractive forces depend on separation, dominated by fluid pressure at small distances and surface tension at large distances, offering tunable cohesive forces.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Interface phenomena
  • Capillarity

Background:

  • Objects at fluid interfaces experience forces due to interface deformation.
  • Understanding these forces is crucial for various applications involving floating or partially submerged objects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate fluid-mediated attractive forces between partially submerged vertical cylinders.
  • Develop a model to explain the contributions to these forces.
  • Explore tunable cohesive forces for objects deforming a fluid interface.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of forces between cylinder pairs and triplets.
  • Numerical computations for force analysis.
  • Theoretical modeling to understand force contributions.

Main Results:

  • Good agreement between experimental measurements, numerical computations, and theoretical models for cylinder pairs.
  • Lateral force is dominated by fluid pressure at small separations and surface tension at large separations.
  • Pairwise contributions explain nearly all attractive force in cylinder triplets.
  • Attractive force is tunable by adjusting cylinder height above the submersion level.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the mechanisms behind fluid-mediated attractive forces between cylinders.
  • A theoretical framework accurately predicts these forces, distinguishing between pressure and surface tension contributions.
  • Tunable cohesive forces can be achieved by controlling object geometry and submersion.