Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

4
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
4
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

9.5K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
9.5K
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

4
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
4
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

6
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
6
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

5
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
5
Goiter01:27

Goiter

3
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
3

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intravenous Ferric Derisomaltose versus Iron Sucrose for Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: a Randomized, Comparative Trial.

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC·2026
Same author

Employing a Coaching Model of Supervision During Physiotherapy Placements: A Qualitative Study of the Practice Educator Experience.

Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy·2026
Same author

Atraumatic intraneural heterotopic ossification of the common peroneal nerve: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons·2026
Same author

Successful Management of BRAF V600E-Mutated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With Liver Dysfunction Using Encorafenib-Based Therapy.

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN·2026
Same author

Decline in hip abductor torque, power, and velocity emerges in middle age: age and sex differences across adulthood.

Physiotherapy theory and practice·2026
Same author

British Association of Sexual Health and HIV guidelines on the management of viral hepatitis 2026.

International journal of STD & AIDS·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

1.1K

Screening for hypothyroidism in Down syndrome using the capillary thyroid stimulating hormone method.

Sheena McGowan1, Jeremy Jones2, Donald McMillan3

  • 1Section of Child Health, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Yorkhill, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|February 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

For children with Down syndrome, capillary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels between 4-6 mU/L indicate normal venous free thyroxine (fT4). This suggests finger-prick rescreening may suffice for school-aged children with borderline TSH.

More Related Videos

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

2.7K
A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
06:50

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2020

3.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

1.1K
Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

2.7K
A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
06:50

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2020

3.2K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Newborn Screening
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Down syndrome is associated with a higher risk of hypothyroidism.
  • Early detection and management of hypothyroidism are crucial for developmental outcomes.
  • Current screening protocols may involve invasive procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine a capillary TSH threshold below which hypothyroidism is unlikely in Down syndrome.
  • To evaluate the utility of capillary TSH screening for identifying thyroid dysfunction.
  • To propose an optimized screening algorithm for this population.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of prospectively collected data from the Scottish capillary TSH screening program (2003-2013).
  • Inclusion of children with Down syndrome referred via the screening program.
  • Correlation and receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis of capillary TSH, venous TSH, and venous free thyroxine (fT4) levels.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation (0.814) was observed between capillary and venous TSH.
  • Capillary TSH values of 4 mU/L showed 95.9% sensitivity for predicting venous TSH >10 mU/L.
  • In children with Down syndrome and capillary TSH 4-6 mU/L, venous fT4 was almost always normal.

Conclusions:

  • Capillary TSH levels of 4-6 mU/L are generally associated with normal venous fT4 in Down syndrome.
  • An algorithm incorporating repeat finger-prick screening at 6 months is proposed for school-aged children with borderline capillary TSH.
  • Further research is needed to validate this approach for preschool-aged children.