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Related Concept Videos

Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Perceptual Constancy01:12

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Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Emergence of visual-visual conditional discriminations.

Anna Ingeborg Petursdottir1, Charlotte L Carp, Sean P Peterson

  • 1Texas Christian University.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|February 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study explored how children learn new skills. Some children showed emergent visual skills after vocal training, but bidirectional verbal skills were not consistently demonstrated, challenging existing theories.

Keywords:
childrenemergent relationsmatching-to-samplenamingstimulus classes

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Early Childhood Education
  • Applied Behavior Analysis

Background:

  • Conditional discriminations are crucial for language and learning.
  • The role of verbal behavior, specifically intraverbal relations, in emergent skills is debated.
  • Previous research suggests intraverbal naming may underpin emergent stimulus control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of visual-visual conditional discriminations after training vocal tact and intraverbal relations.
  • To examine if trained vocal relations lead to emergent visual-visual matching.
  • To test the Horne and Lowe (1996) hypothesis regarding intraverbal naming in emergent stimulus control.

Main Methods:

  • Ten preschool children were trained on vocal tact and intraverbal relations with visual stimuli.
  • Participants completed a visual-visual match-to-sample (MTS) task to assess emergent relations.
  • A reverse intraverbal test was administered to assess bidirectional verbal responding.

Main Results:

  • Five out of ten participants demonstrated emergent visual-visual conditional discriminations (A-B and B-A relations) in the MTS task.
  • Four of these five participants failed a reverse intraverbal test.
  • Failure to maintain trained vocal responses impacted MTS performance in some participants.

Conclusions:

  • Emergent visual-visual conditional discriminations can occur without bidirectional intraverbal relations.
  • Findings may challenge the necessity of intraverbal naming for emergent stimulus control as proposed by Horne and Lowe.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between verbal behavior and emergent conditional discriminations.