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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

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Oldsters and Ngrams: age stereotypes across time.

Susan E Mason1, Clara V Kuntz, Celestine M Mcgill

  • 11 Psychology Department, Niagara University.

Psychological Reports
|February 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed 200 years of literature using Google Books Ngram Viewer. It found underrepresentation of young and old women and a negative shift in terms describing older adults.

Area of Science:

  • Digital humanities
  • Literary analysis
  • Sociolinguistics

Background:

  • Literary representations shape societal perceptions.
  • Historical trends in age-related terminology are not well-documented.
  • Understanding past attitudes towards aging is crucial for contemporary gerontology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the representation of different age groups, specifically younger and older adults, in literature over two centuries.
  • To track changes in the language used to describe older adults and assess potential shifts in societal attitudes.
  • To utilize the Google Books Ngram Viewer as a novel tool for large-scale literary analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Google Books Ngram Viewer to analyze word frequencies in over five million books (1800-2000).

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  • Assessed the frequency of literary references to younger and older adults across a 200-year period.
  • Tracked the usage and sentiment of terms and adjectives describing older adults over time.

    • Main Results:

    • Young and old women were consistently underrepresented in the analyzed literature.
    • A significant shift in terminology for older adults was observed, moving from more positive to less positive terms in the early 1900s.
    • The analysis revealed changes in adjective usage associated with older adults, indicating evolving descriptions.

    Conclusions:

    • Literary trends suggest a historical underrepresentation of specific age and gender demographics.
    • The evolution of language used to describe older adults may reflect changing societal attitudes and potential ageism.
    • Digital tools like the Google Books Ngram Viewer offer powerful methods for historical and social analysis of large text corpora.