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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Related Experiment Video

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Spinal Cord Electrophysiology
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How sympathetic are your spinal cord circuits?

Susan A Deuchars1

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.

Experimental Physiology
|February 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights the crucial role of spinal cord interneurones and gap junctions in sympathetic control. Understanding these local circuits is key for autonomic function and potential therapies post-spinal cord injury.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Research

Background:

  • Sympathetic control of organs depends on sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) in the spinal cord.
  • SPN activity is influenced by local spinal circuitry, including gap junctions and interneurones.
  • The precise roles of these local circuits in sympathetic regulation are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significance of interneurones and gap junctions in spinal sympathetic control.
  • To highlight the contribution of local spinal circuits to autonomic rhythmicity and homeostasis.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and future research directions in spinal sympathetic circuitry.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on spinal cord circuitry and sympathetic function.

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  • Discussion of experimental evidence involving gap junction blockers (e.g., mefloquine).
  • Analysis of the impact of interneuronal activity (e.g., GABAergic inhibition) on SPNs.

    • Main Results:

    • Gap junctions are present on SPNs and influence rhythmic activity.
    • Blocking gap junctions disrupts autonomic control.
    • GABAergic interneurones in lamina X inhibit SPNs, contributing to rhythmic sympathetic outflow.
    • Local spinal circuitry is critical for appropriate sympathetic activity patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • Local spinal circuits, including interneurones and gap junctions, are essential for sympathetic control.
    • These circuits contribute to autonomic rhythmicity and responses to physiological challenges.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the full role of gap junctions and how spinal circuits can be leveraged, especially after spinal cord injury.