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Related Concept Videos

Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Consider an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I. The magnetic field at point P at a distance a from the origin can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
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Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor01:24

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To calculate the inductance of a solid cylindrical conductor, consider a 1-meter section of a non-magnetic, current-carrying conductor with radius r. Disregarding end effects and assuming uniform current density, Ampere's law helps determine the magnetic field inside the conductor. This law states that the magnetic field intensity H is concentric and constant within the conductor.
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Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
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Surface superconductivity in thin cylindrical Bi nanowire.

Mingliang Tian1, Jian Wang, Wei Ning

  • 1Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, United States.

Nano Letters
|February 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Superconductivity in bismuth (Bi) nanowires is linked to surface strain from curvature. This surface superconductivity model explains why smaller diameter Bi nanowires exhibit reduced critical magnetic fields.

Keywords:
Bi nanowiresmagnetoresistancequantum oscillationssurface superconductivity

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The fundamental nature of superconductivity in nanostructured bismuth (Bi) remains poorly understood.
  • Previous studies on bismuth nanostructures have yielded conflicting or inconclusive results regarding superconductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the superconducting properties of individual, precisely fabricated bismuth nanowires.
  • To elucidate the physical origin of superconductivity in nanostructured bismuth.

Main Methods:

  • Transport measurements were performed on individual cylindrical single-crystal bismuth nanowires with diameters of 20 nm and 32 nm.
  • Superconducting critical magnetic fields were measured in varying magnetic field orientations (parallel and perpendicular to the nanowire axis).
  • Magnetoresistance oscillations were analyzed to probe electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • Cylindrical bismuth nanowires exhibit superconductivity below 1.3 K, unlike non-superconducting bismuth nanoribbons.
  • Superconducting critical magnetic fields decrease with decreasing nanowire diameter, contrary to typical thin-film behavior.
  • Quasiperiodic magnetoresistance oscillations were observed in perpendicular magnetic fields but not in parallel fields.

Conclusions:

  • The observed superconductivity in bismuth nanowires is attributed to surface effects, specifically enhanced surface-to-bulk volume in smaller diameters.
  • Superconductivity originates from surface states influenced by curvature-induced stress in the nanowires.
  • A surface superconductivity model provides a framework for understanding these unique properties.