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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
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Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

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Restoring synaptic vesicles during compensatory endocytosis.

Anne Gauthier-Kemper1, Martin Kahms1, Jürgen Klingauf1

  • 1Department of Cellular Biophysics, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany.

Essays in Biochemistry
|February 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synaptic vesicles (SVs) require precise protein sorting during endocytosis to maintain function. This review highlights self-assembly and cargo recognition as key mechanisms for preserving SV protein composition.

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Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nerve cells communicate via chemical synapses, releasing neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles (SVs).
  • Repetitive neuronal firing necessitates rapid recycling of SVs through exocytosis and endocytosis.
  • Maintaining the correct protein stoichiometry within SVs during this cycle is crucial but poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the molecular composition of SVs.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for sorting SV proteins during compensatory endocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on SVs and protein sorting.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in compensatory endocytosis.

Main Results:

  • SVs contain a specific complement of proteins that must be precisely sorted.
  • Self-assembly of SV components plays a role in maintaining protein composition.
  • Individual cargo recognition by sorting adaptors is another critical mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Precise sorting of SV proteins is essential for sustained synaptic transmission.
  • Self-assembly and adaptor-mediated cargo recognition are identified as major mechanisms for SV protein complement maintenance.