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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
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Blood flow after exercise-induced muscle damage.

Noelle M Selkow1, Daniel C Herman, Zhenqi Liu

  • 1School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal.

Journal of Athletic Training
|February 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cryotherapy (ice) did not reduce skeletal muscle perfusion after exercise-induced inflammation. While pain decreased, ice did not attenuate the expected increase in blood flow, suggesting limited effects on inflammation-related perfusion changes.

Keywords:
contrast-enhanced ultrasounddelayed-onset muscle sorenesseccentric exercisemuscle cooling

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Cryotherapy is a common treatment for acute inflammation, but its effects on skeletal muscle perfusion are not well understood.
  • Limited evidence exists on whether ice application can reduce inflammation-induced increases in muscle blood flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of repeated ice bag applications on gastrocnemius muscle perfusion following eccentric exercise.
  • To determine if cryotherapy influences blood volume, blood flow, and blood flow velocity post-exercise.

Main Methods:

  • A controlled laboratory study involving 18 healthy participants undergoing an eccentric exercise protocol.
  • Interventions included cryotherapy, sham, and control, applied repeatedly after exercise and at subsequent time points.
  • Perfusion was measured using contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and pain was assessed via a visual analog scale.

Main Results:

  • No significant interactions were found for microvascular perfusion across interventions.
  • Muscle blood volume and blood flow increased in all groups at 48 hours post-exercise.
  • Cryotherapy significantly reduced pain perception at 34 and 48 hours compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

  • Eccentric exercise led to increased muscle blood flow, consistent with inflammation.
  • Cryotherapy did not attenuate the exercise-induced increase in muscle perfusion 48 hours post-exercise.
  • Ice application appears ineffective in reducing muscle perfusion during inflammatory responses.