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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur...
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Sulphur geodynamic cycle.

Takanori Kagoshima1, Yuji Sano1, Naoto Takahata1

  • 1Division of Ocean-Earth System Science, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.

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Summary

This study quantifies sulfur and carbon fluxes from mid-ocean ridges and arc volcanoes. Mantle-derived carbon and sulfur likely shape Earth's surface geochemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Volcanology
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Understanding volcanic and hydrothermal fluxes is crucial for deciphering sulfur's geochemical cycle and ocean chemistry evolution.
  • Mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and arc volcanoes (ARC) are key sites for material exchange between Earth's interior and surface environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate sulfur (S) flux at MOR and ARC using S/(3)He ratios.
  • To determine the mantle's contribution to surface sulfur and carbon budgets.
  • To compare mantle-derived C/S flux ratios with surface inventory ratios.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of S/(3)He ratios in mid-ocean ridge basalt vesicles.
  • Measurement of S/(3)He ratios in high-temperature volcanic gases from arc volcanoes.
  • Calculation of sulfur flux at MOR and ARC.
  • Determination of mantle contribution to sulfur flux at ARC.
  • Comparison of calculated C/S flux ratios with surface C/S ratios.

Main Results:

  • Sulfur flux at MOR is calculated to be 100 Gmol/y.
  • Sulfur flux at ARC is 720 Gmol/y, with a 2.9% contribution from the mantle (21 Gmol/y).
  • The mantle-derived C/S flux ratio at MOR and ARC is 12.

Conclusions:

  • The calculated sulfur fluxes provide critical data for geochemical cycle models.
  • Mantle-derived carbon and sulfur fluxes are significant.
  • The comparable C/S flux ratio suggests the upper mantle as the origin for surface carbon and sulfur.