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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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The ciliary baton: orchestrating neural crest cell development.

Ching-Fang Chang1, Elizabeth N Schock1, Aria C Attia2

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|February 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Primary cilia act as cellular antennas, crucial for neural crest cell development. Their dysfunction impacts organ formation, offering therapeutic targets for neurocristopathies.

Keywords:
CiliopathiesCraniofacialNeural crestPrimary cilia

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Organelle Research

Background:

  • Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles functioning as cellular antennae.
  • They sense molecular and mechanical signals, influencing cell behavior.
  • The role of primary cilia varies across different tissues and cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function of primary cilia in neural crest cell (NCC) development.
  • To examine how NCCs use primary cilia to interpret developmental cues.
  • To discuss the impact of ciliary dysfunction on NCCs and organogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on primary cilia and neural crest cells.
  • Analysis of existing data on ciliary function in NCC specification, migration, proliferation, and differentiation.
  • Examination of the consequences of ciliary loss in cranial and trunk NCCs.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia are essential for NCCs to receive and process developmental signals.
  • Loss of functional cilia in NCCs disrupts the development of multiple organ systems.
  • Ciliary dysfunction in NCCs is linked to various neurocristopathies.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cilia play a critical role throughout neural crest cell ontogeny.
  • Understanding ciliary function in NCCs advances knowledge of developmental mechanisms.
  • Targeting ciliary pathways presents potential therapeutic strategies for neurocristopathies.