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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Neural crest and placode contributions to olfactory development.

Jun Suzuki1, Noriko Osumi2

  • 1Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Centers for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|February 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The olfactory system, crucial for survival behaviors, develops from both the olfactory placode and neural crest. Recent studies reveal neural crest cells contribute to olfactory receptor neuron development.

Keywords:
Horizontal basal cellNeural crestOlfactory ensheathing cellOlfactory epitheliumOlfactory placodeOlfactory system

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Olfaction, the sense of smell, is vital for survival behaviors like feeding and reproduction.
  • The olfactory system comprises the olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory bulb (OB), and olfactory cortex.
  • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the OE are continuously replaced throughout life, with basal cells acting as stem cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review classical and recent studies on olfactory system development.
  • To focus on the contribution of the neural crest (NC) and olfactory placode (OP) to OE development.
  • To investigate the dual origin of olfactory system cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic fate-mapping studies using Cre reporter mice.
  • Analysis of classical embryological studies.
  • Examination of neural crest cell (NCC) migration and differentiation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Recent genetic studies indicate a dual origin for the olfactory system, involving both the olfactory placode and neural crest.
  • Neural crest-derived cells (NCDCs) are present in adult tissues and retain multipotency.
  • The contribution of the NC to OE development is a key finding.

Conclusions:

  • The olfactory system's development is more complex than previously thought, involving contributions from both the olfactory placode and neural crest.
  • Understanding the dual origin is crucial for comprehending olfactory system development and regeneration.
  • Neural crest cells play a significant role in the formation and potential regeneration of olfactory tissues.