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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Published on: June 21, 2016
Cooperative binding of steroid hormone receptors contributes to transcriptional synergism at target enhancer elements
S Y Tsai1, M J Tsai, B W O'Malley
1Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.
Abstract:
We demonstrated previously that two molecules of steroid hormone receptor bound efficiently to a single hormone response element (GRE/PRE) of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene (Tsai et al., 1988). Here, we show that two tandemly linked GRE/PREs conferred progesterone inducibility synergistically to a heterologous TK-CAT fusion gene. Binding studies demonstrated that occupation of one GRE/PRE site by a progesterone receptor dimer increased the binding affinity of receptors for the second GRE/PRE site 100-fold. Thus, the observed synergistic induction of TK-CAT may result from cooperative binding of receptor dimers to the two GRE/PRE sites.
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