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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells
Published on: November 11, 2021
New missions for an old agent: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in the treatment of stroke patients
Ihsan Solaroglu1, Murat Digicaylioglu, G Evren Keles
1Koc University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer 34450, Istanbul, Turkey. isolaroglu@ku.edu.tr.
Abstract:
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has a multimodal neuroprotective profile and the cumulative preclinical data from numerous translational studies statistically confirmed the efficacy of G-CSF as a treatment option in ischemic stroke. G-CSF activates anti-apoptotic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways and stimulates angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the role of G-CSF and the corresponding signal transduction pathways regulated by G-CSF in neuroprotection and discuss its potential as a new drug for stroke treatment.
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