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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Cell death in development: Signaling pathways and core mechanisms.

Richa Arya1, Kristin White1

  • 1CBRC, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
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Summary

Programmed cell death is crucial for development, removing unnecessary cells. This review explores how cell death pathways, especially in the nervous system, are regulated across species for potential disease treatments.

Keywords:
Cell deathDevelopmentDrosophilaHoxNotchRas

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is essential for normal development.
  • It ensures the timely removal of superfluous or harmful cells.
  • Dysregulation of cell death is implicated in various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of programmed cell death during development in model organisms (worms, flies, mammals).
  • To discuss signaling pathways that regulate developmental cell death and their connection to core cell death machinery.
  • To highlight the importance of developmental cell death in the nervous system and its therapeutic implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on developmental cell death.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways governing cell death.
  • Focus on nervous system development and cell death regulation.

Main Results:

  • Developmental cell death is a conserved process across diverse organisms.
  • Specific signaling pathways intricately regulate developmental cell death.
  • The nervous system exhibits significant developmental cell death, making it a key focus area.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is vital.

Conclusions:

  • Programmed cell death is a fundamental and tightly regulated process during development.
  • Insights into developmental cell death regulation, particularly in the nervous system, offer potential therapeutic strategies for diseases.
  • Further research into these pathways could unlock new treatment avenues.