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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
Published on: November 23, 2013
[Movement disorders in anti-N-NMDA receptor encephalitis]
Background:
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anmdare) is a serious disease, that has only been known since 2007; movement disorders form part of the neuropsychiatric symptomatology.
Aim:
To provide an overview of movement disorders in anmdare and to emphasise the complexity of this disease with regard to diagnostics and treatment.
Method:
We searched the literature using PubMed, Medline and Cochrane and the search terms 'Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis' OR 'anti-nmda receptor encephalitis' OR 'anti-nmdar encephalitis' AND 'movement disorders' OR 'catatonia'.
Results:
Orofacial dyskinesia is the most characteristic movement disorder in anmdare. Dyskinesia was observed in 80% of the patients; young children (<12 years old) have movement disorders more often.
Conclusion:
Movement disorders are typical but aspecific symptoms of anmdare. More than one movement disorder is present in nearly all cases, a factor that can make early diagnosis difficult and can delay the start of appropriate treatment.
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