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Related Concept Videos

Machines: Problem Solving I01:22

Machines: Problem Solving I

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A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
The toggle clamp system is a machine structure consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that form a stabilized system to transmit forces. The...
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Strain Energy01:13

Strain Energy

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Strain energy is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and structural engineering, describing the energy absorbed by a material or structure when it is deformed under load.
Consider a rod that is fixed at one end and subjected to an axial force at the free end. This axial force induces stress within the rod, leading to its elongation. As the axial force increases, so does the elongation of the rod, illustrating a direct relationship between the force applied and the resulting...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Bending of Members Made of Several Materials01:11

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In analyzing a structural member composed of two different materials with identical cross-sectional areas, it is crucial to understand how their distinct elastic properties affect the member's response under load. The analysis involves assessing stress and strain distributions using the transformed section concept, which accounts for variations in material properties.
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Coplanar Forces

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Consider an object upon which multiple forces are acting. If the lines of action of each force lie within the same plane, the system can be considered coplanar. The Cartesian vector form can be used to resolve each force into its respective components. For a coplanar system, the system will be in equilibrium if each component of the resultant force equals zero and the resultant force on the system is zero. If the sum of the forces is not equal to zero, then the object will not be in equilibrium...
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Machines: Problem Solving II01:30

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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. Consider a lifting tong carrying a 100 kg load. It comprises movable sections DAF and CBG linked together with member AB.
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Related Experiment Video

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Simulating the Mechanics of Lens Accommodation via a Manual Lens Stretcher
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Force production and mechanical accommodation during convergent extension.

Jian Zhou1, Siladitya Pal1, Spandan Maiti1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|February 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic development uses mechanical accommodation to ensure robust morphogenesis despite varying forces. This study reveals how tissues adapt to overcome resistance, ensuring proper development.

Keywords:
Cell and tissue mechanicsGastrulationMechanotransductionMorphogenesisNotochordRho KinaseViscoelasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cell mechanics

Background:

  • Convergent extension (CE) requires embryonic forces to overcome mechanical resistance.
  • Mechanical resistance increases significantly during CE and varies between individuals.
  • Robust morphogenesis necessitates mechanical accommodation in developmental programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the processes generating forces during early embryonic development.
  • To test the hypothesis that developmental programs incorporate mechanical accommodation.
  • To quantify force production during CE using a novel sensor.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel gel-based sensor to measure force production in changing tissues.
  • Application of the sensor to study force generation during embryonic convergent extension.
  • Manipulation of physical constraints to reveal coupled force production and mechanical resistance.

Main Results:

  • Mean stress produced by CE was measured at 5.0±1.6 Pascal (Pa).
  • Force production and mechanical resistance are coupled via myosin contractility, revealed under physical constraints.
  • Dorsal tissues demonstrated mechanical adaptability, increasing force production up to threefold against increased stiffness.
  • Force production during late gastrulation/early neurulation is distributed and does not require the notochord.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical accommodation is crucial for robust morphogenetic movements, compensating for environmental and genetic variations.
  • Findings highlight the interplay between force generation and mechanical resistance in development.
  • Suggests common genetic factors coordinately alter force production and resistance, with roles revealed under biophysical challenges.