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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

6
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

5
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
5
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

4
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
4
Goiter01:27

Goiter

3
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm of thyroid. .

Saima Riaz, Humayun Bashir, Sidra Jahangir

    Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
    |February 13, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm (HTN) is a rare thyroid lesion that often mimics other cancers. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for conservative treatment, avoiding unnecessary thyroid removal.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Surgical Pathology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm (HTN) is an uncommon and controversial thyroid lesion.
    • Its cytological and histopathological features can mimic papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas.
    • This often leads to misdiagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology.

    Observation:

    • Pure HTN lesions exhibit very low malignant potential.
    • Hemithyroidectomy is considered adequate treatment for HTN.
    • Misinterpretation can result in total thyroidectomy and/or radioactive iodine ablation therapy.

    Findings:

    • Accurate histopathological diagnosis is key to appropriate management.
    • Conservative management is potentiated by correct diagnosis.

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  • This case report reviews the diagnosis and management of HTN in a 32-year-old female.

    • Implications:

    • Correctly identifying HTN can prevent overtreatment and associated complications.
    • Conservative surgical approaches are recommended for pure HTN.
    • Improved diagnostic accuracy enhances patient outcomes for this rare thyroid neoplasm.