Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

RanBP2-dependent SUMOylation of G3BP2 inhibits formation, and promotes disassembly, of stress granules.

Molecular biology of the cell·2026

Same author

The genetic driver of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy, RANBP2, regulates the inflammatory response to Influenza A virus infection.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Single-molecule tracking of DNMT1 in living cells reveals its cell cycle dynamics and its redistribution upon drug treatment.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same author

SARS-CoV-2 rORF3, a novel microprotein, impairs interferon-β production by targeting RanBP2 to inhibit p65 nuclear import.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2026

Same author

Uridine analogs prevent stress granule formation, not by blocking PKR recognition, but by inhibiting the synthesis of T7 RNA polymerase byproducts.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Constraints on the optimization of gene product diversity.

Molecular systems biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

Published on: April 10, 2018

Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk?

Alexander F Palazzo¹, Eliza S Lee¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Genetics

|February 13, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The vast majority of non-protein coding DNA in eukaryotes may not be functional. Researchers propose a null hypothesis: assume non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are "junk" unless proven otherwise.

Keywords:

Junk DNA Junk RNA evolution genome biology non-coding RNA

More Related Videos

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Published on: July 22, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

Published on: April 10, 2018

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

Published on: July 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Eukaryotic genomes contain large amounts of non-protein coding DNA.
The function of most non-coding DNA, particularly transcribed RNAs, is debated.
Various names for these transcripts (e.g., long non-coding RNAs) contribute to field confusion.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically evaluate the assumption that all transcribed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have biological functions.
To propose a framework for determining the functional significance of ncRNAs.
To address the debate surrounding the role of ncRNAs in development and homeostasis.

Main Methods:

Review of current understanding of genome evolution in eukaryotes.
Analysis of eukaryotic gene expression machinery.
Discussion of criteria for functional ncRNA identification.

Main Results:

Many low-level transcribed RNAs may lack biological function.
The existence of a transcript does not automatically imply function.
Evolutionary and cellular machinery constraints challenge the view of universal ncRNA functionality.

Conclusions:

A significant portion of ncRNAs may be non-functional genomic "junk".
The default hypothesis for uncharacterized ncRNAs should be non-functionality.
Rigorous evidence is required to establish the biological role of any given ncRNA.