Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Stringent Response in E. coli

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Rice Distinguishes Eggs of a Specialist versus Generalist Herbivores and Emits Species-Specific Volatiles to Recruit an Egg Parasitoid.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026

Same author

Ionotropic receptor co-receptors drive host-seeking behavior in the white-backed planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

Journal of economic entomology·2026

Same author

Identification of Odorant-Binding Protein AjapOBP26 as the Key Mediator of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Avoidance in the Egg Parasitoid <i>Anastatus japonicus</i>.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026

Same author

A scalable RNAi nanoparticle approach for lethal gene targeting in the German cockroach.

Pest management science·2026

Same author

Silencing core miRNA pathway genes disrupts ecdysis and development in white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) via RNAi and nanocarrier-mediated delivery.

Pest management science·2026

Same author

An unconventional three-domain odorant-binding protein decodes contrasting host pheromones in the parasitoid wasp Anastatus japonicus.

Insect science·2026

Same journal

Pre-treatment drug resistance surveillance among ART- Naive HIV-1 patients in Tunisia.

Virusdisease·2026

Same journal

Genetic characterization of highly immunogenic VP2 protein fragments of porcine parvovirus 1 and 3 field isolates.

Virusdisease·2026

Same journal

First report on the molecular detection and genetic characterisation of pigeon circovirus in Kerala, India.

Virusdisease·2026

Same journal

Emerging evidences in the pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions for Zika virus infection.

Virusdisease·2026

Same journal

Distribution of apple chlorotic leafspot virus and prunus necrotic ringspot virus in diverse stone fruit cultivars of North Western Himalayan region of India.

Virusdisease·2026

Same journal

The vascular pathology in Japanese Encephalitis.

Virusdisease·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Published on: May 2, 2019

Analysis of synonymous codon usage in enterovirus 71.

Hua Zhang¹, Hong-Wei Cao¹, Feng-Qi Li¹

¹College of Biological Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, DaQing, 163319 China.

|February 13, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) codon usage is primarily shaped by mutational pressure, not natural selection. This study comprehensively analyzes EV71 genome patterns, revealing insights into viral evolution and disease mechanisms.

Keywords:

Dinucleotide bias EV71 Mutational bias Subgenotype Synonymous codon usage

More Related Videos

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Published on: January 16, 2016

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Published on: May 2, 2019

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Published on: January 16, 2016

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Area of Science:

Virology
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease in children.
Understanding viral genome evolution is crucial for developing effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively analyze synonymous codon usage and dinucleotide abundance in the Enterovirus 71 (EV71) genome.
To elucidate the primary driving forces behind codon usage bias in EV71.

Main Methods:

Analysis of complete genome sequences from 42 EV71 isolates across three genotypes.
Examination of synonymous codon usage patterns.
Assessment of relative dinucleotide abundance and its correlation with base composition.

Main Results:

A strong correlation between base composition and codon usage bias indicates mutational pressure as the dominant factor.
EV71 dinucleotide abundance is independent of overall base composition but influenced by mutational pressure.
Factors like hydrophobicity and aromaticity also contribute to codon usage variation.

Conclusions:

Mutational pressure is the principal determinant of codon usage bias in the EV71 genome.
Differential mutational pressures shape both codon usage and dinucleotide abundance.
This research provides a foundational understanding of EV71 genome evolution mechanisms.