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Related Concept Videos

Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
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Emerging from the rib: resolving the turtle controversies.

Ritva Rice1, Paul Riccio, Scott F Gilbert

  • 1Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution
|February 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Turtle shell development involves multiple mechanisms for carapace formation and costal bone development. Different turtle species utilize distinct processes like axial displacement or axial arrest for rib positioning and shell initiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Turtle shell development is complex, with ongoing debates regarding carapace initiation and costal bone formation.
  • The carapacial ridge is a key evolutionary innovation in turtles, but its properties vary significantly between species.
  • Understanding these developmental mechanisms is crucial for insights into turtle evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct mechanisms of shell formation in hard-shell and soft-shell turtles.
  • To clarify the roles of axial displacement and axial arrest in rib positioning during turtle shell development.
  • To determine the specific processes involved in costal bone formation in different turtle groups.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of turtle shell development in hard-shell and soft-shell species.
  • Examination of carapacial ridge properties and their variations.
  • Histological and developmental studies to elucidate bone formation processes.

Main Results:

  • Two primary mechanisms, axial displacement and axial arrest, are involved in positioning rib precursors during shell initiation.
  • Hard-shell turtles utilize axial displacement, while soft-shell turtles (e.g., Pelodiscus) employ axial arrest.
  • Costal bone formation differs, with hard-shell turtles potentially using both periosteal flattening and dermal bone induction, while soft-shell turtles may only use periosteal flattening.

Conclusions:

  • Turtle shell development is not a single, conserved process but involves multiple distinct mechanisms.
  • Species-specific differences in carapacial ridge properties and developmental pathways contribute to variations in shell formation.
  • These findings reconcile conflicting hypotheses by demonstrating that different mechanisms operate in different turtle species.